大千世界:你可能不知道的20種水果(下)
10. NoniMorinda citrifolia 諾麗果（拉丁名：Morinda citrifolia）
Noni, otherwise known by many different names around the world, including the great moringa, Indian mulberry, dog dumpling and pace, is related to the coffee bean plant and is native throughout South East Asia and Australasia, but is cultivated throughout the tropics. The tree carries fruit throughout the year and the fruit tend to have a very pungent odour when ripening (also known as the cheese fruit or vomit fruit). Despite the smell, the fruit is high in fibre, vitamin A, protein, Iron and calcium, and is the staple diet on many Pacific Islands. The fruit can either be cooked into a stew or eaten raw with salt.
諾麗果，世界各地都有不同的叫法，如：大辣木果，印度桑葚，狗布丁，步果。諾麗果樹與咖啡樹有親緣關係，是整個東南亞和澳大拉西亞的特產，但是現在整個熱帶地區都有種植。果樹一年四季都結着果實，成熟後的果實氣味刺鼻（因此也被稱爲奶酪果或嘔吐果）。儘管氣味難聞，但水果中的纖維素、維生素A、蛋白質、鐵和鈣含量非常豐富，是許多太平洋島國的主食，可以用來燉湯或用鹽拌着生吃。
9. MarulaSclerocarya birrea 馬魯拉果（拉丁名：Sclerocarya birrea）
The Marula is a deciduous tree native to Southern and Eastern Africa. The distribution of the tree throughout Africa, follow the migratory patterns of the Bantu people, as it was an important source of food, and they planted more trees along their way. The green fruit ripens and turns yellow, the white flesh inside is succulent and has a very distinct flavor. After falling off the tree, the fruit will start to ferment and these draw in animals, like elephants and baboons, for a slightly alcoholic treat. The fruit is also used to make a popular liqueur called Amarula, which can be found at any duty-free liquor store at airports.
馬魯拉樹是原產於南非和東非的落葉樹種。 馬魯拉果是非洲班圖族人的重要食物，他們把它多種植於遷徙的沿途上，隨着班圖人的遷徙格局，如今已遍佈整個非洲。綠色果實成熟後變黃，內部白色果肉多汁，口味獨特，從樹上落下後，果實就會開始發酵變質，於是吸引了大象和狒狒等動物過來，小小地享受一次酒水盛宴。果實常用來釀製一種名爲大象酒的流行利口酒，你可以在機場任何免稅酒店買到這種酒。
8. SalmonberryRubus spectabilis 鮭莓（拉丁名：Rubus spectabilis）
Salmonberrys are native to the west coast of North America, stretching from midway through Alaska, all the way down to California. They are found in moist forests and create dense thickets. The fruit looks similar to raspberries, but are more orange in color. They are sweet when eaten raw, but are often processed into juice, wine, candies and jams.
鮭莓原產於北美洲的西海岸——沿海岸中部穿過阿拉斯加州，一路延伸到利福尼亞州。它們生長在溼潤的林區，容易長成密林，果實外表看上去像紅莓，但是顏色有些偏黃，生吃時很甜，但經常加工成果汁、果酒、果脯和果醬。
7. SalakSalacca zalacca 薩拉卡（拉丁名：Salacca zalacca）
Salak fruit, also known as the snake fruit, comes from a species of palm native to Indonesia. These fruit grow at the base of the palm, and gained the name snake fruit from their red brown, scaly skin. The skin is easily removed, and inside are 3 white, sweet segments that each contain a large black inedible seed. When eaten, the fruit have a slightly acidic but sweet flavor, and the consistency of apples.
薩拉卡果也稱蛇皮果，是原產於印度尼西亞的一種棕櫚樹種，水果長在樹幹的最下端，因其紅棕色、鱗狀果皮而得名蛇皮果。果皮易剝，果肉甜，呈白色，有3瓣，每瓣各含一可以吃的黑色大粒種子。吃時微酸，但香甜可口，果質跟蘋果一樣。
6. BaelAegle marmelos 印度枳（拉丁名：Aegle marmelos）
Bael, wood apple or stone apple is a species native to India, but found throughout Southeast Asia. Bael is a smooth fruit with a woody peel that is colored yellow, green or grey. The hard, woody, outer peel is so hard that it has to be cracked with a hammer. Inside is an aromatic yellow pulp with several hairy seeds. The flesh can be eaten either dried or fresh. From the fresh fruit, a juice called sharbat can be made, adding water, sugar and lime juice to the pulp. It takes just one large fruit to make 6 liters of sharbat.
印度枳又稱木蘋果或石蘋果，樹種原產於印度，但現已經遍佈整個東南亞。印度枳果皮像木頭，很光滑，顏色有黃色、綠色或灰色；木質的外皮十分堅硬，必須用錘子才能砸開，內部黃色的果肉味道香甜，內含幾粒茸狀態的種子，曬乾後或新鮮時均可食用。果實新鮮時，在果肉中加入水、糖和檸檬汁可製成一種名爲“舍兒別”的飲料，一個大的印度桔就可以製成6升的“舍兒別”。
5. Star AppleChrysophyllum cainito 星蘋果（拉丁名：Chrysophyllum cainito）
The Star apple is a fruit native to the low-lying areas of Central America and the West Indies. The underside of the evergreen leaves shine with a golden color from a distance, and the tree carries small white to purple flowers with a sweet fragrance. The fruit is round, purple and has a thick, latex filled skin. If the fruit is cut horizontally, a clear star pattern can be seen in the white purple pulp. The fruit is delicious fresh, with a intense sweet taste.
星蘋果原產於中美洲和西印度的低窪地帶，遠遠望去，四季常青的樹葉背面泛着金黃色的光澤，果樹開的白中帶紫的小花芳馨撲鼻。果實圓型紫色，果皮厚且含有乳膠；把果實橫着切開，紫白相間的果肉上會出現一個清晰的星形圖案，果肉新鮮可口，十分香甜。
4. Star fruitAverrhoa carambola 楊桃（拉丁名：Averrhoa carambola）
Star fruit or carambola is a fruit tree native to the Philippines, but can be found throughout Southeast Asia, East Asia, South America, Florida and Hawaii. This fruit has five ridges running down its length, which when cut sideways, makes the star pattern after which it is named. The fruit is rich in Vitamin C, and Antioxidants. The fruit turns a bright yellow when ripe, has a waxy skin and the entire fruit is edible, juicy and crunchy.
楊桃，也稱星果，原產於菲律賓，但現已遍佈整個東南亞、東亞和南美洲、佛羅里達州和夏威夷州。果實有5條突起的棱邊，橫着切開後，呈五星圖案，因此得名。果實富含維生素C和抗氧化成分，成熟後變爲亮黃色，果皮含有蠟質，整個果實都可以食用，多汁生脆。
3. Horned melonCucumis metuliferus 刺角瓜（拉丁名：Cucumis metuliferus）
The horned melon, also known as African cucumber or jelly melon, is an annual vine native to Africa, but can now be found grown in California, Australia, New Zealand and Chile as well. When ripe, the melon has a thick spiky yellow outer skin, with bright green, jelly like flesh. The flesh is often compared to the taste of a banana, with the texture of the seedy part of a cucumber or tomato. The thick skin can be eaten and is a good source of vitamin C and fibre.
刺角瓜，也稱非洲黃瓜或果凍瓜，是原產於非洲的藤曼植物，今天在加利福尼亞州、澳大利亞、新西蘭和智利都有種植。果實成熟後，黃色的果皮佈滿了粗刺，果肉鮮綠色像果凍，味道可以與香蕉媲美，多籽的果肉質地像黃瓜或西紅柿。厚厚果皮也可以食用，是維生素C和纖維素的理想來源。
2. PitayaHylocereus 仙人掌果（拉丁名：Hylocereus）
Pitaya, or dragon fruit, is a cactus fruit that can be found throughout Asia, Australasia, North America and South America, even though they are believed to be native to Mexico originally. There are two main types of pitaya, the sour types, typically eaten in the Americas, and sweet types found across Asia. The fruit comes in 3 different color varieties, Labelled as red, yellow and Costa Rican pitayas. The “red” fruits are generally a bright magenta color on the outside, with yellow flesh. The Yellow Pitaya is yellow inside and out, and the Costa Rican pitayas are magenta on the outside and the inside. They smell deliciously fragrant and most have a sweet flavor similar to a kiwi fruit.
仙人掌果，或稱火龍果，是一種仙人掌的果實，雖然最初原產於墨西哥，但今天你可以在整個亞洲、澳大拉西亞、北美洲和南美洲發現它們。火龍果主要有兩類：酸口味的，通常在美洲地區可以吃到；甜口味的，在整個亞洲可以找到。根據顏色的不同，可以分成3類：紅火龍果、黃火龍果和哥斯達黎加火龍果。紅火龍果果皮呈亮粉色，果肉白色；黃火龍果，黃皮白肉；哥斯達黎加火龍果內外都呈亮粉色。它們聞上去都芬芳怡人，大多數口味香甜，與獼猴桃的口味相似。
（譯註：這裏作者原文爲稱紅火龍果粉皮黃肉，黃火龍果黃皮黃肉，譯者查了資料，認爲兩處“黃肉”欠妥，覺得譯成“白肉”更爲合適。）
1. Miracle FruitSynsepalum dulcificum 神祕果（拉丁名：Synsepalum dulcificum）
The miracle fruit, or sweet berries, is a very strange berry native to West Africa. What makes the fruit strange and miraculous, is miraculin (a sugar substitute), which is found in large quantities in the fruit, combined with a glycoprotein. The fruit itself does not contain a lot of sugar, and tastes only mildly sweet but when eaten, the glycoprotein binds to the tongues taste buds, which, for about an hour after eating the fruit, distorts any other taste into sweetness. With that effect you could technically eat a lemon, and it would taste like a ball of syrup. Although the definite reason for this occurrence is not fully understood, it would seem as if the miraculin distorts the shape of the sweetness receptors in the tongue so that they pick up on acid instead of sweetness. The sweetness receptors on your tongue then transmit to the brain to taste sweetness when they come in contact with any acidity. In the 70s attempts were made to commercialize and sell the fruit as a diet aid, as it has the potential to turn any meal sweet, without affecting your calorie intake. These attempts were shattered when the FDA declared it a food additive, due to pressure from sugar companies who could foresee big losses in profits. In the last two years the berries have been making a comeback, by being the guest star of many tasting parties in the states. The berries are dried and exported, and the party guests each have one and then taste all kinds of common foods to experience a new taste sensation with every bite.
神祕果，或稱甜漿果，原產地爲西非，是一種非常奇妙的漿果。神祕果之所以奇妙神奇，是因水果中含有大量的神祕果素（代糖），合成一種糖蛋白（變味糖蛋白）。這種水果本身並不含有太多的糖分，它嘗上去僅僅微甜；但吃了神祕果之後，變味糖蛋白擾亂了舌頭上的味蕾功能，之後任何味道都變成了甜味，這種狀態可以持續一小時左右。效果就如同，你實際上吃的是一個酸檸檬，但卻感覺就像在吃糖漿一樣。這種現象的原因尚未十分明確，但似乎是神祕果素擾亂了舌頭上的味蕾感受器的功能，讓它們只選擇感受甜味而對酸味的感覺產生麻痹。（不論哪種酸味的水果，總是含有一些果糖，只是因爲酸性成分大於甜性成分，所以，我們感覺到的只是酸味，而無甜味）吃了神祕果後，我們舌頭上的味覺感受器接觸到任何酸味食物，都會只感覺到其中甜味成分，然後傳輸給大腦。在70年代，曾試圖把這種水果商業化，把其當利於減肥的商品來銷售，因爲神祕果可以把任何膳食變甜，卻不增加熱量的攝入。當食品及藥物管理局宣佈神密果爲食品添加劑時，製糖企業預見這會讓他們利益損失慘重，所以大力施壓，這種嘗試最終以失敗而告終。最近兩年，這種漿果再度捲土重來，在全國各舉辦的各種品嚐宴會上，它都是特邀嘉賓。神祕果曬乾後就可以運輸，宴會中的每位賓客都會吃上一枚，然後再品嚐各種各樣的普通食品，每吃一口，都會體驗到一種奇妙的新口味。
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